Social media has become an integral part of our lives. From sharing updates on Facebook, Twitter (X), Instagram, or TikTok, to commenting on news and current events, we often think of it as our personal space for freedom of expression.
But in Pakistan, one post, one share, or one comment could have serious consequences under the PECA Act (Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act 2016).
This article explains what is considered a crime, when authorities can act, penalties, and how you can protect yourself legally.
What Crimes Are Recognized Under the PECA Act?
The PECA Act is Pakistan’s main legal framework for cyber crimes, covering everything from online defamation to child protection. Some key sections include:
Section 20 – Defaming Someone’s Honor
This includes:
- False accusations
- Character assassination
- Humiliating or insulting posts
Penalty: Up to 3 years in prison, a fine, or both.
Section 21 – Harassment & Blackmailing Women
This includes:
- Sharing private images or videos without consent
- Blackmail
- Online harassment targeting women
Penalty: Up to 5 years in prison and fines up to 1 million PKR.
Section 24 – Cyberstalking
This includes:
- Repeated messages or threats
- Harassment through fake accounts
Penalty: Up to 3 years in prison and fines.
Section 25 – Child-Related Crimes
This includes:
- Sharing images or videos of children
- Obscene content involving minors
Penalty: Up to 7 years in prison and heavy fines.
Section 26-A – Fake News / Anti-State Content
This includes:
- Spreading false news
- Promoting hate against state institutions
- Creating fear or unrest among the public
Penalty: Up to 5 years in prison and fines.
Note: Section 26-A is often criticized for being misused.
When Can the National Cyber Crime Investigation Agency (NCCIA) Take Action?
The NCCIA (not FIA) is responsible for investigating cyber crimes under the PECA Act. They can take action when:
- A complaint has been filed
- Screenshots or evidence exist
- The post has gone viral
- National security or someone’s honor is affected
Important: Deleting a post does not remove legal liability.
Are Sharers Also Liable?
Yes. Under the PECA Act, anyone who shares, retweets, or forwards content that violates the law can also be held accountable.
One click could potentially land you in court.
How Severe Are the Penalties?
Violating the PECA Act can have serious consequences:
- 3–10 years in prison
- Millions of rupees in fines
- Confiscation of mobile devices and social media accounts
- Social media bans
Worst of all: it can ruin your career, reputation, and future.
How to Protect Yourself – Human Rights Guide
To stay safe while using social media:
- ✅ Verify your sources before posting
- ✅ Don’t post without understanding the law
- ✅ Avoid posting in anger or frustration
- ✅ Respect privacy; don’t share personal content publicly
- ✅ Disagree respectfully; don’t spread hate
Constitutional Note: Article 19 of the Pakistan Constitution guarantees freedom of expression, but this freedom must always remain within legal boundaries.
Conclusion
Social media is a powerful tool for communication and advocacy—but with freedom comes responsibility. Understanding PECA Act provisions and the role of the NCCIA can help you enjoy social media safely without risking legal trouble.
Stay informed. Post responsibly. Protect your rights.
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